Subject description

Australian Languages — Revival Language is a 20‑credit subject at Stage 2.

In this subject, ‘Australian Languages’ refers to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages and cultures of Australia. (For information about the teaching and learning of Auslan, another Australian language, please see the Auslan Continuers Level subject outline.)

The importance of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages, cultures, communities and knowledge is affirmed through the study of Australian Languages. Students can study:

• Australian Languages — First Language. This subject is mainly for students who use an Australian Language as their first language.
• Australian Languages — Additional Language. This subject is mainly for students who wish to study an Australian Language as an additional language. A language chosen for this subject will be a well‑resourced language that has a sizeable first‑speaker base.
• Australian Languages — Revival Language. This subject is mainly for students with a heritage in an Australian Language that has been marginalised since colonisation.

Students of Australian Languages — Revival Language learn to communicate using an Australian Language that has been marginalised since colonisation. The language may have been experiencing a revival over time or as part of more recent processes.

Students develop understanding about how some Australian Languages have managed to survive despite the impact of colonial policies and practices on Australian Languages and cultures. They explore the relationship between language and cultural knowledge, and consider the broader significance of the loss of Australian Languages.

Informed by closely related Australian Languages that remain vibrant, students develop an awareness of the sound and written systems and structures of and protocols for using [Revival Language]. They compare these systems and structures with English, in order to develop an awareness of the unique sounds and structures of Australian Languages. They identify ways in which [Revival Language] is likely to differ from what was spoken as a first language before European settlement.

Drawing on continuing oral traditions, students move between oral and written representations of the language. Recognising the centrality of written representations of Australian Languages within most revival contexts, students develop skills in representing [Revival Language] in written form.

Students develop understandings about the process of reclaiming sound and written systems and structures of languages that are no longer spoken, and explore the linguistic and cultural relationships that existed between language groups before and after colonisation. They develop their understanding of language ecologies, including the ways that languages come into contact with each other historically, and the impacts of language contact.

Students consider the role of language‑revival programs within the ongoing processes of cultural renewal and reconciliation. They reflect on how their language learning relates to these processes.

Principles and protocols

The following guiding principles and protocols have been identified as fundamental to the development of all Australian Languages programs.

It is necessary that:

• each Australian Language is recognised as belonging to a group of people who are its custodians
• program developers (e.g. teachers, school leaders, or schooling sectors) consult, involve, and inform custodians about all aspects of the teaching of their languages
• the wishes of the relevant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities are canvassed, respected, and adhered to
• the ultimate authority regarding the choice of target language rests with the custodians
• all programs have the approval of the custodians of the target language. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities differ in their attitudes to teaching a language to people not associated with the home group, especially if it is taught outside its home Country. Some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities may disapprove of their language being taught in schools. Some communities strongly approve of the teaching of their language to others in different locations, while other groups may endorse the teaching of their language only in its home territory to their own people
• sufficient time is allowed for thorough consultation processes in accordance with local situations
• thorough preparation takes place before any program is established. Preparation may require substantial time and resources, and will depend on factors in the school and community, including existing resources
• the overriding outcomes of all Australian Languages programs are the strengthening of the target language and the promotion of Australian Languages and linguistic diversity in Australia
• appropriate teaching and learning processes are developed according to local situations. A team approach involving community people who are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander language and cultural specialists, linguists, and teachers should be adopted in most situations
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ input into all aspects of the programs is maximised. Local school programs should encourage cooperation between schools, community members, and organisations with an interest in Australian Languages
• programs should actively encourage the participation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people as teachers and/or students.

Capabilities

The capabilities connect student learning within and across subjects in a range of contexts.

The SACE identifies seven capabilities.

Literacy

In this subject students extend and apply their literacy capability by, for example:

• extending their knowledge and skills of language learning, and language revival
• extending their understanding of the relationship between written and oral language systems
• developing their understanding of the nature of Australian Languages as systems of meaning
• learning from and about local language materials available through community organisations and in local, state, and national archives and libraries
• identifying and exploring features of an Australian Language
• building their understanding of words and word origins
• appreciating how writing systems are developed
• recognising and experimenting with language patterns and structures
• understanding and applying cultural norms and protocols associated with learning, using, researching and reviving Australian Languages
• building their knowledge and understanding of how language works
• making connections and comparisons within and/or between languages
• developing their skills of listening, speaking, performing, reading, viewing, and/or writing
• engaging with and reflecting on ways of using language to create meaning
• gaining insight into ways in which external influences impact on language use.

Numeracy

In this subject students extend and apply their numeracy capability by, for example:

• using and understanding patterns, order, and relationships within an Australian Language
• extending their understanding of concepts such as time and number in different cultures, as expressed through Australian Languages
• extending their understanding of differences between Aboriginal and non‑Aboriginal number systems 
• extending their understanding of culturally specific ways of ordering place and space
• considering the usefulness and reliability of numerical data.

Information and communication technology (ICT) capability

In this subject students extend and apply their ICT capability by, for example:

• exploring ways in which technology influences and changes language use
• using technologies when thinking about and documenting [Revival Language]
• engaging with and/or creating digital resources
• using technologies to decode and encode elements of language systems
• learning about ways of verifying the integrity of digital information and sources
• appreciating ways in which technologies inspire curiosity about language and meaning
• using technologies to record, shape, and refine personal language.

Critical and creative thinking

In this subject students extend and apply their critical and creative thinking capability by, for example:

• understanding their own language(s) and/or culture(s) through engagement with [Revival Language]
• making comparisons and drawing connections within and/or between languages to develop their knowledge and understanding of the nature of language variation and change
• understanding and creating links between existing and new knowledge
• exploring and explaining features of [Revival Language]
• exploring and explaining existing and emerging language patterns and structures
• applying their understanding of the power and function of languages
• reflecting on the processes involved in mediating meaning within and across languages and cultures.

Personal and social capability

In this subject students extend and apply their personal and social capability by, for example:

• extending their understanding that Australian Languages belong to the communities who are identified as the linguistic and cultural custodians
• appreciating the value of [Revival Language] as a storehouse of cultural and social knowledge and ways of thinking for the communities who speak and identify with, or are reviving, the language
• increasing awareness and understanding of ways in which their own language(s) and culture(s) shape their actions, personal behaviour, thoughts, attitudes, perceptions, and identity
• making connections between language learning, language and cultural restoration, and group and individual identity
• extending their understanding that language revival and revitalisation are important to reviving and revitalising cultural and spiritual practices
• extending their understanding that, for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students, learning [Revival Language] can be fundamental to strengthening identity and self‑esteem and, for non‑Aboriginal students, learning [Revival Language] provides a focus for the development of cultural understanding and reconciliation
• extending their understanding and appreciation of concepts such as diversity, distribution, interdependence, and status as they apply to the state and nature of Australian Languages
• identifying the uses of [Revival Language] in contemporary society
• appreciating the role of languages education and research in reviving and revitalising [Revival Language]
• drawing on the insights, knowledge, and experience of community members and other sources of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander voices
• interpreting and reflecting on their own intercultural experiences
• reflecting on their own set of assumptions, beliefs, values, and perspectives, as one of many
• understanding and appreciating their own role as learners, users, and mediators of [Revival Language].

Ethical understanding

In this subject students extend and apply their ethical understanding capability by, for example:

• extending their understanding that Australian Languages are uniquely and irreplaceably Australian
• understanding, respecting, and applying cultural norms and protocols associated with learning, reviving, using, and researching Australian Languages, including community consultation protocols
• making connections between language learning and social justice and equity for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
• contributing to social cohesiveness through better communication and understanding
• extending their understanding of the impact of some key government policies, legislation, and judicial processes on heritage and identity.

Intercultural understanding

In this subject students extend and apply their intercultural understanding capability by, for example:

• extending their understanding that revival and revitalisation of [Revival Language] is of great importance to both Aboriginal and non‑Aboriginal Australians, and contributes to national identity
• contributing to the reconciliation processes through increased linguistic and intercultural competence
• extending their understanding of relationships between Australian Languages, cultures, and identities in a national and global context
• extending their understanding of how cultural concepts and practices affect ways in which people see the world, interact, and communicate with others
• considering and reflecting on their own view of the world in context, as one of many
• responding with empathy to what the relationship between language and identity means for individuals and communities
• extending their understanding of the intrinsic relationship between language, culture, Country and spirituality
• noticing, comparing and reflecting on assumptions, values, and ways of knowing.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander knowledge, cultures, and perspectives

In partnership with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, and schools and school sectors, the SACE Board of South Australia supports the development of high-quality learning and assessment design that respects the diverse knowledge, cultures, and perspectives of Indigenous Australians.

The SACE Board encourages teachers to include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander knowledge and perspectives in the design, delivery, and assessment of teaching and learning programs by:

• providing opportunities in SACE subjects for students to learn about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories, cultures, and contemporary experiences
• recognising and respecting the significant contribution of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples to Australian society
• drawing students’ attention to the value of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander knowledge and perspectives from the past and the present
• promoting the use of culturally appropriate protocols when engaging with and learning from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and communities.  

Learning requirements

The learning requirements summarise the knowledge, skills, and understanding that students are expected to develop and demonstrate through their learning in Stage 2 Australian Languages — Revival Language.

In this subject, students are expected to:

1. communicate using [Revival Language]
2. understand and analyse features of language structures and cultural knowledge of one or more Australian Languages
3. explore and explain the context of the revival of [Revival Language]
4. reflect on own learning from and with Aboriginal people and language resources
5. reflect on the relationship between the revival of [Revival Language] and the processes of cultural renewal and reconciliation.

The history of Australian Languages means that written materials in or about a language being studied may not be extensive. Students are encouraged to use and engage with as wide a range of resources as possible. Resources include, but are not limited to:

• spoken materials, such as talks, conversations, and interviews, whether filmed, recorded, transcribed, or experienced personally
• written materials, such as books, articles, diaries, letters, and administrative records
• artwork, music, songs, and other creative materials
• online materials.

Content

Stage 2 Australian Languages — Revival Language is a 20‑credit subject that consists of the following focus areas:

• [Revival Language]
• language‑revival processes
• cultural renewal and reconciliation.

Students study all three focus areas, which are discussed in more detail below.

[Revival Language]

Students develop and extend their knowledge and skills in communicating in [Revival Language], consistent with available language, cultural, and teaching resources. They build their understanding of, and respect for, culturally specific norms and protocols.

For the purposes of this subject, the term ‘revival’ may refer, as appropriate, to processes of reclamation and reconstruction.

Through the study of [Revival Language], students develop the skills to move between written and oral forms of language, and explore and explain culturally specific meanings and uses of words and phrases. They understand and explain features of language structures, and the relationship between language, culture, and community.

In studying language structures, students consider sound patterns, word formations, sentence structures, and speech patterns.

Drawing on continuing oral traditions, students make comparisons with closely related Australian Languages of the surrounding region and/or with other Australian Languages, according to available resources.

Suggested learning in this focus area may include:

• communicating in [Revival Language]
• language ecologies
• language practices in [Revival Language]
• cultural features of [Revival Language]
• comparing languages
• mapping languages.

Language-revival processes

Students develop awareness of how languages are reclaimed from continuing oral traditions, historical documentation and understanding, and current knowledge of Australian Languages. They develop awareness and appreciation of ways in which records are interpreted and [Revival Language] is shaped for use in the twenty‑first century, as a result of decisions made by the custodians, and application of linguistic techniques.

Students develop an awareness of ways in which [Revival Language] is likely to differ from what was spoken at the time of European settlement, and explore why this is so.

Suggested learning in this focus area may include:

• principles and protocols
• reconstructing a language
• filling the gaps
• expanding the vocabulary
• language variation and change
• how decisions about language use are made
• strategies for reintroducing [Revival Language].

Cultural renewal and reconciliation

Students develop an appreciation of the language and culture of the custodians of [Revival Language], and the importance that language and culture play in the lives of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Through learning [Revival Language], they gain insights into early contact history and the impact of colonial policies and practices on Australian Languages and cultures. Students also develop an appreciation of the role that language plays in cultural renewal and in reconciliation.

Suggested learning in this focus area may include:

• language and identity
• language, self‑esteem, and well‑being 
• renewal of cultural practices 
• language as a vehicle for reconciliation
• connecting with our past
• forging pathways to the future.

Evidence of learning

All Stage 2 subjects have a school assessment component and an external assessment component.

The following assessment types enable students to demonstrate their learning in Stage 2 Australian Languages — Revival Language.

School assessment (70%)

• Assessment Type 1: Language Folio (40%)
• Assessment Type 2: Collaborative Project (30%).

External assessment (30%)

• Assessment Type 3: Language Exploration (30%).

Students provide evidence of their learning through six assessments, including the external assessment component. Students complete:

• four language folio tasks (at least one resource performance and commentary, at least one language analysis, and at least one reclamation skills task)
• one collaborative project
• one language exploration.

Assessment design criteria

The assessment design criteria are based on the learning requirements and are used by:

• teachers to clarify for students what they need to learn
• teachers and assessors to design opportunities for students to provide evidence of their learning at the highest possible level of achievement.

The assessment design criteria consist of specific features that:

• students should demonstrate in their learning
• teachers and assessors look for as evidence that students have met the learning requirements.

For this subject the assessment design criteria are:

• communicating
• understanding and analysis
• identities and ecologies.

The specific features of these criteria are described below.

The set of assessments, as a whole, must give students opportunities to demonstrate each of the specific features by the completion of study of the subject.
 

Communicating 

The specific features are as follows:

Understanding and Analysis  

The specific features are as follows:

Identities and Ecologies

The specific features are as follows:

School assessment

The school assessment component for Stage 2 Australian Languages — Revival Language consists of two assessment types:

• Assessment Type 1: Language Folio
• Assessment Type 2: Collaborative Project. 

Assessment Type 1: Language Folio (40%)

Students undertake one language folio that comprises four tasks:

• at least one resource performance and commentary
• at least one language analysis
• at least one reclamation skills task.

Resource performance and commentary

Students perform a task in which they move between a written and a spoken resource in [Revival Language]. Although the resource should be primarily in [Revival Language], English may be used where students are providing explanations of language and/or cultural features, or in comparisons between languages.

The performed resource may be created for a variety of purposes, including language sharing and exchange, sharing information, expressing creativity and imagination, and/or interpreting other resources. 

Students may either make use of an existing resource in [Revival Language] or, where appropriate and in keeping with language protocols, create their own resource. 

Students demonstrate their understanding of how the written form of [Revival Language] represents the sound system of the language.

In using language to communicate accurately and appropriately, they demonstrate understanding of features of language structures and cultural knowledge of [Revival Language]. 

Possible resource types include, but are not limited to:

• performance in [Revival Language] of a short play
• documentary
• autobiography or biography
• welcome to or acknowledgment of Country speech. 

Accompanying the resource performance, students produce a commentary in English explaining the challenges and limitations of producing resources in a revived language.

Students should consider ways in which the revived language is likely to differ from the language spoken prior to colonisation, and reasons for these differences.

Students may also consider the:

• differences between the sound and writing systems of [Revival Language] and English
• structural differences between [Revival Language] and English
• differences between the cultural knowledges and worldviews carried in [Revival Language] and English.

Language analysis

Students analyse and interpret one or more resources in [Revival Language] by responding in English and/or [Revival Language], as appropriate.

Students analyse language and cultural features of resources and demonstrate their understanding of the relationship between written and oral systems in [Revival Language].

A resource may be a full resource or part of a resource and may be a written, spoken or multimodal resource in [Revival Language]. 

Students may use dictionaries and/or word lists as supports.

Reclamation skills

Students explore the processes and protocols of language reclamation and demonstrate their understanding by applying those skills individually and/or collaboratively.

Students make connections between language, culture, and community and ensure that they adhere to the appropriate practice and protocols, respecting and understanding the custodians of [Revival Language].

Tasks should be presented in multimodal form, and each student’s response or contribution should be the equivalent of a maximum of 6 minutes in English, with examples in [Revival Language] as appropriate.

Tasks could include, for example:

• community discussion about the principles and protocols of language revival
• language building using available resources
• expanding vocabularies based on known language and grammatical patterns and structures
• investigation of language variation and change
• investigation of domains for language use
• developing collaborative strategies and/or resources for reintroducing revival languages.

For this assessment type, students provide evidence of their learning primarily in relation to the following assessment design criteria:

• communicating
• understanding and analysis
• identities and ecologies.

Assessment Type 2: Collaborative Project (30%)

This assessment type consists of two parts:

• a collaborative project
• an individual reflection.

Students work collaboratively to apply their knowledge and understanding of [Revival Language] in the planning and implementation of a project, activity, or performance that raises public awareness about [Revival Language] cultural renewal and reconciliation.

Students may work in a school or community‑based group, or any other appropriate collaboration. The group may collaborate face to face or in a digital environment, including social media forums, or a combination of both.

The collaborative project could be made up of a combination of oral, written, and multimodal forms.

The collaborative project may include, for example:

• developing [Revival Language] resources for a public place, such as a tourism site, historical site, or conservation reserve
• presenting an exhibition of learning that celebrates [Revival Language] narratives and/or issues that are of significance to Aboriginal and Torres Strait peoples and/or communities
• creating an online [Revival Language] tool or education pack
• organising an activity related to the building, transmission, and/or maintenance of [Revival Language].

Students should consider the context, purpose, and audience for their project.

Each group should present evidence of their project, such as photographs, a video recording, electronic and/or hard‑copy materials, or other products.

Each student should present individual evidence of reflection on their own learning from the collaborative project, including evidence of their contribution to planning and collaboration.

The collaborative project, including reflection, may be presented in [Revival Language] or English, or a combination of [Revival Language] and English. It should be presented in multimodal, oral, or written form.

The project should be a maximum of 6 minutes if oral, 1000 words if written, or the equivalent in multimodal form.

Each student’s reflection should be a maximum of 2 minutes if oral, 300 words if written, or the equivalent in multimodal form.

For this assessment type, students provide evidence of their learning primarily in relation to the following assessment design criteria:

• communicating
• understanding and analysis
• identities and ecologies.

External assessment

The external assessment component for Stage 2 Australian Languages — Revival Language consists of a language exploration.

Assessment Type 3: Language Exploration (30%)

Students work collaboratively with others (e.g. peers, members of the community, linguists) to explore their understanding of language‑building processes used in the revival of [Revival Language], and how this contributes to the ongoing processes of cultural renewal and reconciliation.

Individually, students develop, refine, and present a response to their language exploration.

The language exploration may build on the work from Assessment Type 1: Language Folio, but must not repeat any of the work.

Students develop and extend their understanding of [Revival Language] by:

• exploring how language is revived, reclaimed, and/or reconstituted
• exploring existing language resources
• experimenting with and applying language‑building techniques
• reflecting on the relationship between language, culture, and community
• reflecting on the relationship between language revival and the ongoing processes of cultural renewal and reconciliation
• reflecting on their own learning with and from Aboriginal people and communities.

Students provide evidence of their learning in a study that comprises:

• evidence of language exploration and application of language‑building processes
• reflection on the relationship between language, culture, and community
• reflection on the ongoing process of reconciliation.

The language exploration may be presented in oral, written, or multimodal form. It should be a maximum of 9 minutes if oral, 1500 words if written, or the equivalent in multimodal form.

The following specific features of the assessment design criteria for this subject are assessed in the language exploration:

• communicating — C1
• understanding and analysis — UA1, UA2
• identities and ecologies — IE2, IE3.

Performance standards

The performance standards describe five levels of achievement, A to E. 

Each level of achievement describes the knowledge, skills, and understanding that teachers and assessors refer to in deciding how well students have demonstrated their learning on the basis of the evidence provided. 

During the teaching and learning program the teacher gives students feedback on their learning, with reference to the performance standards.

At the student’s completion of study of each school assessment type, the teacher makes a decision about the quality of the student’s learning by:

• referring to the performance standards
• assigning a grade between A+ and E– for the assessment type.  

The student’s school assessment and external assessment are combined for a final result, which is reported as a grade between A+ and E–.

Performance standards

Stage 2 performance standards for Australian Languages — Revival Language can be viewed below. You can also download in Word format [DOC 303KB].

To learn more about what performance standards are, how they are used, and other general information, see performance standards and grades. 

Subject changes

Any changes to this subject will be recorded here.